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It was initially unclear how the chosen term was to be used-a letter written by Mawema in 1961 refers to "Zimbabweland" - but "Zimbabwe" was sufficiently established by 1962 to become the generally preferred term of the black nationalist movement. A further alternative, put forward by nationalists in Matabeleland, had been "Matopos", referring to the Matopos Hills to the south of Bulawayo. Īccording to Mawema, black nationalists held a meeting in 1960 to choose an alternative name for the country, proposing names such as "Matshobana" and " Monomotapa" before his suggestion, "Zimbabwe", prevailed. The term "Rhodesia"-derived from the surname of Cecil Rhodes, the primary instigator of British colonisation of the territory during the late 19th century-was perceived by African nationalists as inappropriate because of its colonial origin and connotations. The first recorded use of "Zimbabwe" as a term of national reference dates from 1960 as a coinage by the black nationalist Michael Mawema, whose Zimbabwe National Party became the first to officially use the name in 1961. Zimbabwe was formerly known as Southern Rhodesia (1898), Rhodesia (1965), and Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979). Archaeologist Peter Garlake claims that "Zimbabwe" represents a contracted form of dzimba-hwe, which means "venerated houses" in the Zezuru dialect of Shona and usually references chiefs' houses or graves. The Karanga-speaking Shona people live around Great Zimbabwe in the modern-day province of Masvingo.
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Many sources hold that "Zimbabwe" derives from dzimba-dza-mabwe, translated from the Karanga dialect of Shona as "houses of stones" ( dzimba = plural of imba, "house" mabwe = plural of bwe, "stone"). Two different theories address the origin of the word. The name "Zimbabwe" stems from a Shona term for Great Zimbabwe, a medieval city ( Masvingo) in the country's south-east whose remains are now a protected site. Emmerson Mnangagwa has since served as Zimbabwe's president.įurther information: Great Zimbabwe and Rhodesia (name) On 15 November 2017, in the wake of over a year of protests against his government as well as Zimbabwe's rapidly declining economy, Mugabe was placed under house arrest by the country's national army in a coup d'état and eventually resigned six days later. The country has been in economic decline since the 1990s, experiencing several crashes and hyperinflation along the way. Under Mugabe's authoritarian regime, the state security apparatus dominated the country and was responsible for widespread human rights violations. Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980, when his ZANU–PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule he was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987 until his resignation in 2017. It was once known as the "Jewel of Africa" for its great prosperity. The sovereign state is a member of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). Zimbabwe then joined the Commonwealth of Nations, from which it was suspended in 2002 for breaches of international law by its then-government under Robert Mugabe, and from which it withdrew in December 2003. The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980.
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In 1965, the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. Company rule ended in 1923 with the establishment of Southern Rhodesia as a self-governing British colony. The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during 1890 when they conquered Mashonaland and later in 1893 Matabeleland after a fierce resistance by Matabele people known as the First Matabele War. Since the 11th century, the region that is now Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms such as the Rozvi, Mutapa and Mthwakazi kingdoms, as well as being a major route for migration and trade. A country of roughly 15 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most common. Zimbabwe ( / z ɪ m ˈ b ɑː b w eɪ, - w i/), officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the south-west, Zambia to the north, and Mozambique to the east.